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Home    Μορφολογία του προσώπου στον σύγχρονο Ελληνικό πληθυσμό βασιζόμενη σε ανθρωπομετρικά σημεία με τη κλασσική μέθοδο και τη χρήση τρισδιάστατης απεικόνισης  

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Identifier 000414988
Title Μορφολογία του προσώπου στον σύγχρονο Ελληνικό πληθυσμό βασιζόμενη σε ανθρωπομετρικά σημεία με τη κλασσική μέθοδο και τη χρήση τρισδιάστατης απεικόνισης
Alternative Title Study of facial morphology in Greeks based on anthropometric landmarks using the classical method and three-dimensional imaging
Author Ζαχαρόπουλος, Γεώργιος Βασιλείου
Thesis advisor Eelco de Bree
Βελεγράκης, Γεώργιος
Τζανακάκης, Γεώργιος
Reviewer Καραντάνας, Απόστολος
Λυκούδης, Ευστάθιος
Κυμιωνής, Γεώργιος
Παπαγρηγοράκης, Εμμανουήλ
Abstract Introduction: Facial proportional analysis is commonly used in the preoperative planning as well as in consultation for aesthetic and reconstructive operations. Neoclassical canons, introduced by Ancient Greeks, have been used to describe the facial morphological features for many years. In this study, the validity of 7 neoclassical canons was tested in young adult Greeks. The frequency and kind of variations were noted. Moreover, multiple measurements of the face were performed on young Greek males and females to provide a complete facial anthropometric profile of this population and to compare its facial morphology with that of North American Caucasians. The use of 3-dimensional (3D) facial imaging has taken greater importance as doctors use the soft tissue paradigm in the evaluation of skeletal disproportion. Studies have shown that faces defer in populations. To date, no anthropometric evaluations have been made of Chinese and Greek faces. In this study, a comparison of the facial morphologies of Greeks and Chinese using 3D facial anthropometric landmarks was made. Materials and Methods: Direct anthropometric landmarks, obtained from 163 volunteer subjects, were used to test the neoclassical canons of the Greek face. These measurements produced 7 neoclassical canons: the 3-section facial profile canon (tr-n=n-sn=sn-gn), the naso-aural proportion canon (n-sn=sa-sba), the naso-aural inclination canon, the orbital canon (en-en=ex-en), the orbito-nasal canon (en-en=al-al), the naso-oral canon (ch-ch=1+1/2 al-al), and the naso-facial canon(al-al=1/4zy-zy). Results were compared with North American Caucasians published in a previous study.Thirty-one direct facial anthropometric measurements were obtained from 152 Greek students. Moreover, the prevalence of the various face types was determined. The resulting data were compared with those published regarding North American Caucasians. Three-dimensional facial images were acquired via a commercially available stereophotogrammetric camera capture system. The 3dMD face system captured 245 subjects from 2 population groups (Chinese [n = 72] and Greek [n = 173]), and each population was categorized into male and female groups for evaluation. Twenty-five anthropometric landmarks were identified on the 3D faces of each subject. Twenty landmark distances were constructed and evaluated within 3 dimensions of space. Six angles, 4 proportions, and 1 construct were also calculated. Results: A significant difference was found between genders in the orbital proportion canon, the orbito-nasal canon, and the naso-facial and the naso-oral proportion canon. The difference between the 2 races was demonstrated in the orbito-nasal proportion canon, the naso-aural inclination canon, and the dominant variation of the naso-oral proportion canon. The mean frequency of all valid canons was greater in White Americans than in Greeks but similar among Greek genders.A complete set of average anthropometric data was obtained for each sex. Greek males, when compared to Greek females, were found to have statistically significantly longer foreheads as well as greater values in morphologic face height, mandible width, maxillary surface arc distance, and mandibular surface arc distance. In both sexes, the most common face types were mesoprosop, leptoprosop, and hyperleptoprosop. Greek males had significantly wider faces and mandibles than the North American Caucasian males, whereas Greek females had only significantly wider mandibles than their North American counterparts.Regarding 3D-data, distinct facial differences were noted between the subgroups evaluated. When comparing differences of sexes in 2 populations (eg, male Greeks and male Chinese), significant differences were noted in more than 80% of the landmark distances calculated. In evaluating the lips to the esthetic line, the Chinese population had more protrusive lips. Conclusions: In the majority of Greeks, the neoclassical canons were not valid. Regarding the direct anthropometric measurements, differences of statistical significance were noted in the head and face regions among sexes as well as among Greek and North American Caucasians. Differences were also noted in the 3D data of the facial morphologies of subjects obtained from a Greek population versus that of a Chinese population. With the establishment of facial norms for Greek adults, this study contributes to the preoperative planning as well as postoperative evaluation of Greek patients that are, respectively, scheduled for or are to be subjected to facial reconstructive and aesthetic surgery.
Language English
Subject Facial anthropometry
Neoclassical facial canons
North american caucasians
Orthodontics
Ανθρωπομετρία προσώπου
Καυκάσιοι της Βόρειας Αμερικής
Νεοκλασικοί κανόνες προσώπου
Ορθοδοντική
Issue date 2018-03-28
Collection   School/Department--School of Medicine--Department of Medicine--Doctoral theses
  Type of Work--Doctoral theses
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