| Abstract |
The present dissertation deals with the problem of pesticide residues in agricultural products. The main purpose of the present study is compare the agricultural products which produce under the biological cultivation or Integrated Crop Management system with those produced from conventional cultivation in order to be able to declare about their safety for the consumers. Moreover we ponder the National Monitoring Network and record the main problems. The dissertation consists from four main sections. In the first one we present the main parameters, which affect the pesticide residues and relate with quantitive and qualitative characteristics of Greek agriculture. The cultivation of peaches, both table and clingstone, is very important for the local economy. The regions of Pella and Imathia posses the first position in the produce of peaches in Greece. The average annual produce estimated up to 900.000 tn. A lagre percentage of these ends at the canning industries. Furthermore the cultivation of peaches is very demanding as far as concern the application. As a result, exists a high possibility to during the monitoring to be detected samples with levels of pesticide residues higher than the MRLs (Maximum Residues Limits). Likewise the cultivation of olive is one of the most important agricultural products of Greece. Greece is the third olive oil produced country in the world. The olive oil is very interesting subject because its production procedure affect the concentrations of the plant protection products which detected. The most important a.i are dimethoate and 14 fenthion which are organophosphate and very popular in the plant protection plans. Also we should pay attention to the fact that the dimethoate is hydrophilic and fenthion is lypophilic. The application of these plant protection products demand a great attention. A homicide suicide reports and poising during the application cases have been report during the last years. The Integrated Crop Management System is widespread in the cultivation of peaches. Also the biological cultivation is widespread in the cultivation of olives. Base on these facts we are able to monitoring peach and olive oil from different cultivations systems and based on the results of monitoring to declare about the safety for the consumers. In the second section we present basic toxicology terms dealing with the pesticide residues as for example the Acceptable Daily Intake and the Maximum residues Limits. The improper exposure of a human to the pesticides may result the appearance of certain symptoms. Usually these symptoms are appearing as a result of acute exposure (acute pesticide poisoning) or as a result of long-term exposure (carcinogenesis i.e). The main symptoms of acute exposure are: 1) Poisonings due to toxic characteristics of the a.i 2) None specialized reactions (dizziness, vomiting i.e) due to inhalation of solvents, dust with a.i, ie. 3) Irritation of the skin, of eyes and of the respiratory system. A great number of bibliographies are exists for the affection of long term of pesticides on humans. Generally the studies on the agricultural population are very difficult because is impossible to isolate the exposure of the farmers. Usually they annually exposed on 40 different a.i. Another problem is also the lack of primary bata (total exposure time, a.i in which the farmers were exposed i.e). The legislation and the structure of the National Monitoring Network are presented in the third section. The main purpose of the legislation is to prevent the consumers and the applicators from the undesirable toxicological effect of plant protection products. The legislation was divided in three parts: 1) Legislation for the control of the effect of plant protection products on humans and animals 2) legislation for the classification and marking of plant protection substances 3) legislation for pesticide residues. The main purpose of the National Monitoring Network is to ensure the safety of the agricultural products for the consumers. Generally in Greece the monitoring procedures deal with :1) Monitoring from national laboratories based on the European Union legislation 2) Monitoring from private laboratories 3) Projects of the Universities. The national laboratories are distributed in different regions. The most important are the laboratories of Ministry of Agriculture (Regional Centers for Plant Protection and Quality Control), the Mpenakion Plant pathology Institute and the laboratory of General Chemistry of Greece. The most commonly detected plant protection products are chlorpyrifos, phosalon, captan , endosulfan, methamidophos, dithiocarbamates and phosmet. The third section consists from the analytical part. One project deals with the monitoring for dimethoate and fenthion residues in olive oil samples originate from conventional and biological cultivation. The second project deal with the monitoring for methamidophos, dimethoate, chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos-methyl, parathion-methyl, malathion, chlorpyrifos, fenthion, dicofol, captan, endosulfan, ethion, phosmet, phosalone and azinphos-methyl residues in peaches originate from conventional and Integrated Crop Management. The third project is a field study for the degradation of parathion-methyl under local climatic conditions. The MRLs (FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius) for dimethoate and fenthion in olive oil are 0,5 and 1 ppm respectively. Based on the results only one sample of olive oils was detected with residues levels of dimethoate higher than the MRLs (year 1999). Moreover the levels of fenthion and dimethoate residues in olive oil from biological cultivation are pernament higher compared with leves of residues in olive oil from conventional cultivation. All the samples with no detected residues are originate from biological cultivations. The oil factories are responsible for the super infection of biological olive oil because of parallel process of oil originates from conventional and biological cultivation. As far as concern the results from monitoring in peaches the samples from conventional cultivations were free of pesticide residues or with residues levels below the MRLs. In 4 samples from conventional cultivation were detected concentrations of chlorpyrifos higher than the MRLs. The plant protection products that had been detected both in peach samples from conventional cultivation and ICP were chlorothalonil, parathion methyl, malathion, chlorpyrifos and phosmet. Chlorpyrifos methyl and endosulfan were detected only in peach samples from conventional cultivation. On the contrary, phosalone was detected only in peach samples from ICM while only the concentrations of phosmet were higher in ICP samples as compared to the samples collected from conventional cultivation. Moreover, we should note that all the samples were free of methamidophos. Finally the main conclusions from the field studies, which may help the scientists to achieve a safe harvest, are: 16 1. Cooperation with local weather stations should be established in order to create a database, which would be useful to predict the best harvest time. Provided this database is enhanced with the results of pesticide residue analysis, the scientist may be able to predict for specific dose, how many days after the last application the fruits are free of pesticide residues under local climatic conditions. 2. An uneven distribution of the pesticide solution might cause two potential problems. The first is that the initial levels of active ingredient on the fruits may be higher than expected and the levels of residues during harvesting will be found above or close to MRLs. The second problem is that the insects and the pathogens are not only at the fruits but also on the leaves, which should also be spayed in order to achieve satisfactory protection and avoid the qualitative debasement of fruits. 3. A new field studies should be organized in order to study the attribute of the plant protection products under local climatic conditions.
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Υπολειμματικές ποσότητες φυτοφαρμάκων σε γεωργικά προιόντα της Βορείου Ελλάδος,καταγραφή ,νομοθεσία ,έλεγχος και επιπτώσεις
