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Identifier 000421407
Title Επιδημιολογική διερεύνηση περιβαλλοντικής υποβάθμισης και επιπτώσεις στην ανθρώπινη υγεία από τη χρόνια και εντατική χρήση φυτοφαρμάκων
Alternative Title Epidemiological survey of environment deterioration and impact on human health due to the intensive use of pesticides
Author Κοκκινάκη, Αικατερίνη Ν.
Thesis advisor Τσατσάκης, Αριστείδης
Reviewer Τζανακάκης, Γεώργιος
Ζαφειρόπουλος, Αλέξανδρος
Κουτσόλελος, Αθανάσιος
Νικίτοβιτσ, Τζανακάκη Gragana
Ρίζος, Απόστολος
Χλουβεράκης, Γρηγόριος
Abstract The present study was designed to investigate the degree of environmental deterioration through the detection of pesticides residues in agricultural products and biological samples (human hair and urine), in order to explain the negative effects on human health by chronic and widespread use of pesticides in the primary agricultural sector, especially in the area of Ierapetra. The increase in health problems and in particular the increasing trend in several types of cancer in the region and in other European countries that follow intensive agricultural practices show an urgent need to investigate the deterioration in public health. This study tries to answers questions such as: the degree of contamination of human population affected by the chronic and intensive use of pesticides (by detecting organophosphate metabolites in biological samples, hair and urine) and the consumption of agricultural products (by detecting common pesticides used in agriculture). Also, the possible correlation between the detected levels in biological samples of hair and urine was examined. The main steps of this thesis was a)the detection of non-specific metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides in hair and urine samples of rural and professionally exposed population of Crete and b) the investigation of residual levels of pesticides in fresh agricultural products. The results were analyzed and a total assessment of the hazard exposure, on the population of Crete and especially in the area of Ierapetra, was estimated. The detection of pesticides in agricultural products was focused mainly on plant protection substances that are widely used in the area. For the implementation of this study, hair and urine samples of sprayers and residents of Ierapetra were collected. The sprayers involved in this study were employed in greenhouse cultivations but they also involved themselves in sprays throughout the year (n=34). The residents of the area of Ierapetra were people who lived in the area, but not involved in agricultural activities (n=86). Because of the high rate of organophosphates pesticides in the area of Ierapetra, the samples that were collected, were analyzed by the technique of gas chromatography – mass spectrometry for the detection of non-specific metabolites of organophosphates (dialkylofosfines, dialkylphosphates DAPs). For the isolation of analytes from biological samples of hair, the technique of solid-liquid extraction with methanol in an ultrasonic bath was followed, while for the isolation of analytes from biological samples of urine the technique of liquid-liquid extraction with a mixture of diethylether:acetonitrile was followed. The combined organic solvent from each sample was collected and evaporated to dryness under a nitrogen blander after added 15mg K2CO3. The resulting precipitate was followed by the derivatization procedure with 2, 3,4,5,6 pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFBBr). To control methods for both hair and urine samples various analytical parameters were calculated and found satisfactory. Differences were observed between the detected concentration of metabolites and the percentages of positive samples for both hair and urine samples between the two studies groups (sprayers and residents of the rural area of Ierapetra). As far as it concerns the results of the detected levels of non-specific organophosphates pesticides differences were observed between the samples of sprayers and the residents of the rural area of Ierapetra. Statistically significant difference was observed for the metabolite DMP (p<0,001) and DETP (p=0,007). This could be the result of the extensive past use of application of plant protection substances of sprayers. The levels of metabolites DEP & DEDTP were higher for the sprayers than that of the residents of the area but the differences were not statistically significant (p>0, 05). The frequency of detection for the metabolites DMP, DEP and DETP was quite high for both sprayers (91-100%) and the residents (93-100%). In contrast, the frequency of detection for DEDTP was lower for both studies groups. For all the detected metabolites, hair samples of sprayers gave significantly higher levels than that of the residents (p<0,001). Mean detected concentration of DAPs metabolites of urine samples of sprayers were higher than that of the residents (p<0,001). A statistically significant difference was observed between the two studied groups for DEP (p=0,005) and DETP (p=0,001). The difference between the 2 groups for DMP & DEDTP was not statistically significant (p=0,244 & p=0,193 respectively). The major difference shown in the first dialkylfosfines in urine samples of sprayers can be attributed to the fact that the urine of the participants were taken during spraying period. These facts makes them more exposed at that time. This is confirmed by the analysis of the urine. The detection rates of positive samples ranged from 90% to 100% for sprayers while for the residents ranged from 83% to 100%. Furthermore, representative samples of fresh agricultural products grown in the area of Ierapetra were collected in order to analyze for the determination of residual quantities of pesticides. Specifically, 45 tomatoes, 50 cucumbers, 60 peppers and 45 aubergines were collected and analyzed. For extraction, the samples followed the QuEChERs method. The analysis was obtained by the technique of gas chromatography – mass spectrometry GC-MS. None of the samples analyzed exceeded the maximum residue levels (MRLs). Pesticide detection ranged from 11.1% (Carbendazim και Benomyl) to 22.2% (Oxamyl και Oxamyl-Oxine) for tomatoes, from 6% (Tolyfluanid) to 24.0% (Spinosad A + D) for cucumbers, from 3.3% (Endosulfan a, Endosulfan b, Endosulfan sulfate) to 18.3% (Thiacloprid) for peppers and from 8.9% (Cyprodinil και Thiacloprid) to 24.4% (Carbendazim και Benomyl) for aubergines. In summary, the management and control of the application of plant protection substances is a necessary step by the actors as well as the producers. The biomonitoring of sprayers, residents and consumers in general is a useful tool for estimating the cost of using such products. The compliance with regulations is necessary as well as with the basic safety standards but is not enough. Information and awareness of all inputs is necessary and required by today’s society through control, specialization and continuing education of those involved in agriculture.
Language Greek
Subject Organophosphates
Οργανοφωσφορικά
Περιβάλλον
Issue date 2019-03-27
Collection   School/Department--School of Medicine--Department of Medicine--Doctoral theses
  Type of Work--Doctoral theses
Permanent Link https://elocus.lib.uoc.gr//dlib/9/d/6/metadata-dlib-1554455767-322418-4042.tkl Bookmark and Share
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